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從諷勸到剖白: 論錢謙益〈呂留侯字說〉 兼述呂氏家難
Author(s)
Date Issued
2023
ISSN
1016-4464
Citation
中國文化研究所學報, 2023, 第77期, 第35-72頁.
Type
Peer Reviewed Journal Article
Abstract
錢謙益(牧齋,1582–1664)為呂留良(晚村,1629–1683)改字而寫的呂留侯字說蘊含隱微寓意,容易被學界忽視,有深究價值.本文箋釋該文,考證文獻,拆解張良故事在明清之際被挪用轉化而成的易代故事,脈絡化地組織
串聯出文本內外的呂氏家難與牧齋心境,以更深廣的視野為此文的詮釋提供一個可能性.本文首先印證錢牧齋筆下的呂氏家難,揭示呂晚村家族抗清事件與張良抗秦歷史有相似之處.牧齋呂留侯字說藉著張良此一古典與晚村此一今事之交錯契合,兼具對晚村暗示名不副實與勸勉名實相符的雙重寓意.牧齋曲筆諷勸晚村,觸發內心隱痛,遂在文中切換主體位置剖白.此外,牧齋入清前提及張良,肯定其之所以成功的人事因素;入清後淪為降臣,
某些時刻提及張良則顧左右而言他,或有意無意地將其成功歸因於天命因素,旨在寬慰罪咎心靈,減輕精神苦痛,發出一種我非千古幸人張良的曲折自辯.本文調度史學材料之外,亦藉著細讀詩文等文學材料以剖析人心,
冀能在主流的成見下發現裂縫,抉發因曲折筆法而被遮蔽的細節,呈現明清易代兩大失節者在出處進退所面臨的困境.
Qian Qianyi’s (Muzhai, 1582–1664) “Lü Liuhou zi shuo,” an article on the courtesy name he bestowed upon Lü Liuliang (Wancun, 1629–1683), is a subtle and nuanced work that has often been neglected by the academia. This study aims to provide a possible interpretation of the article based on a close reading of its text and an analysis of the relevant literature. This paper begins with an examination of Qian’s description of the Lü family’s loss, thus revealing the similarities between Lü’s resistance against the Qing imperial regime and Zhang Liang’s resistance against the Qin rule. In drawing a parallel between his contemporary and the past, Qian provides “Lü Liuhou zi shuo” with dual connotations: implying that Lü’s reputation is undeserved, and exhorting him to live up to the expectations that underline the bestowed courtesy name, “Liuhou.” The article also triggers in Qian a dull heartache and, as the narrative progresses, the subject eventually switches from Wancun to Qian himself to express his own feelings, as his tactful advice to Lü evokes his longburied sorrow. With an analysis of relevant historical literature, this paper concludes that Qian originally attributed Zhang Liang’s success to personal factors, but, after his surrender to the Qing court, Qian changed his position and considered destiny as the main factor instead. This can be seen as a way for Qian to defend himself and reconcile with his guilt and distress. In addition to historical materials, this paper also explores Lü and Qian’s thoughts by drawing on literary texts, such as poems and prose, to shed light on the dilemma faced by these two literati figures during the Ming-Qing transition.
Qian Qianyi’s (Muzhai, 1582–1664) “Lü Liuhou zi shuo,” an article on the courtesy name he bestowed upon Lü Liuliang (Wancun, 1629–1683), is a subtle and nuanced work that has often been neglected by the academia. This study aims to provide a possible interpretation of the article based on a close reading of its text and an analysis of the relevant literature. This paper begins with an examination of Qian’s description of the Lü family’s loss, thus revealing the similarities between Lü’s resistance against the Qing imperial regime and Zhang Liang’s resistance against the Qin rule. In drawing a parallel between his contemporary and the past, Qian provides “Lü Liuhou zi shuo” with dual connotations: implying that Lü’s reputation is undeserved, and exhorting him to live up to the expectations that underline the bestowed courtesy name, “Liuhou.” The article also triggers in Qian a dull heartache and, as the narrative progresses, the subject eventually switches from Wancun to Qian himself to express his own feelings, as his tactful advice to Lü evokes his longburied sorrow. With an analysis of relevant historical literature, this paper concludes that Qian originally attributed Zhang Liang’s success to personal factors, but, after his surrender to the Qing court, Qian changed his position and considered destiny as the main factor instead. This can be seen as a way for Qian to defend himself and reconcile with his guilt and distress. In addition to historical materials, this paper also explores Lü and Qian’s thoughts by drawing on literary texts, such as poems and prose, to shed light on the dilemma faced by these two literati figures during the Ming-Qing transition.
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