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汉语方言介连词 “两个” 的产生
Author(s)
Date Issued
2020
Journal
ISSN
1007-8274
Citation
當代語言學 , 2020, vol.22 (1), pp.17-48
Type
Peer Reviewed Journal Article
Abstract
儲澤祥等( 2006) 江藍生( 2012) Peyraube( 2017) 注意到湖南通津鋪湖北仙桃和甘肅青海交界的漢語方言的數量詞兩個可以兼作伴隨介詞和並列連詞.但對此現象的成因與演變路徑未有共識: 陶伏平( 2008) 與江藍生( 2012) 都認為這是語法化的結果,但前者認為兩個的虛化過程是[數量詞>介詞＞連接詞],而後者則認為是[數量詞＞連接詞＞介詞].儲澤祥等( 2006) 坦言,單靠個別方言點的有限材料,是無法確定演變路徑和方向的. Peyraube( 2017) 只提到這是受非漢語影響,但未有交代具體過程.前人單靠個別方言點的材料,對兩個的多功能現象的形成原因與演變路徑都有著不同的看法.本文則首次採用跨方言的視角,在湖南湖北甘肅青海四川等地進行田野調查和比較,再結合前人報道,得出以下結論: (1) 確定介連詞兩個集中分佈在中國西南地區(即湖南湖北)和西北地區( 青海甘肅) . ( 2) 從各地的兩個功能分佈的差異,我們構擬了兩個的語法化路徑:[數量詞＞一起義副詞＞伴隨介詞＞並列連接詞( 連接有生名詞) ＞並列連接詞( 連接無生名詞) ＞並列連接詞( 連接動詞) ]。 ( 3) 中國境內外的藏緬語,乃至非洲澳洲印尼等與漢語無接觸或系屬關係的語言也有數( 量) 詞兩( 個) 與介連詞同形的現象,可見兩者的關聯,是具有跨語言共通性的,與人類認知有關.
Chu, et al.（2006）, Jiang（2012） and Peyraube（2017） noticed that the Num+CL expression liangge（TWO） in Tongjinpu dialect in Hunan, Xiantao dialect in Hubei, and the dialects in the boundary area between Gansu and Qinghai functions as a comitative adposition as well as a coordinating conjunction. Nevertheless, the cause and the development pathway of such phenomenon is yet to be confirmed. Tao（2008） and Jiang（2012） argued that this is a result of grammaticalization, yet Tao（2008） believed that the pathway is [Num+CL ＞ Preposition ＞ Conjunction], while Jiang（2012） reconstructed the pathway as [Num+CL ＞ Conjunction ＞ Preposition]. Chu, et al.（2006） admitted that the diachronic development could not be reconstructed with the data from a single dialect. Peyraube（2017） argued that the polysemous liangge is a result of language contact, but the detailed process is yet to be provided.Due to a lack of dialectal data, previous scholars did not reach consensus on the development of liangge. In this paper, a pioneer study with cross-dialectal data will be presented. Combining previous reports with our field work in Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, the following arguments will be made:（i） the polysemous liangge is found in two major areas: Hunan and Hubei（the SW Chinese）, Gansu and Qinghai（the NW Chinese）;（ii） from the dialectal variations, the grammaticalization pathway of liangge is reconstructed as: [Num+CL ＞ adverb ‘together’ ＞ comitative adposition ＞ coordinating conjunction（for animate NPs） ＞ coordinating conjunction（for inanimate NPs） ＞ coordinating conjunction（for VPs）];（iii） the phenomenon that comitative adposition/conjunction is denoted by the numeral ‘two’ is attested in Tibeto-Burmese within and beyond China. This is also attested in Africa, Australia, Indonesia, etc., which have no direct geographical or genealogical relationship with Chinese. It is believed that the concepts of the numeral ‘two’ and the comitative adposition/conjunction are linked by our cognitive faculties. Therefore, the polysemous phenomenon [two = with/and] can be found in various languages.
Chu, et al.（2006）, Jiang（2012） and Peyraube（2017） noticed that the Num+CL expression liangge（TWO） in Tongjinpu dialect in Hunan, Xiantao dialect in Hubei, and the dialects in the boundary area between Gansu and Qinghai functions as a comitative adposition as well as a coordinating conjunction. Nevertheless, the cause and the development pathway of such phenomenon is yet to be confirmed. Tao（2008） and Jiang（2012） argued that this is a result of grammaticalization, yet Tao（2008） believed that the pathway is [Num+CL ＞ Preposition ＞ Conjunction], while Jiang（2012） reconstructed the pathway as [Num+CL ＞ Conjunction ＞ Preposition]. Chu, et al.（2006） admitted that the diachronic development could not be reconstructed with the data from a single dialect. Peyraube（2017） argued that the polysemous liangge is a result of language contact, but the detailed process is yet to be provided.Due to a lack of dialectal data, previous scholars did not reach consensus on the development of liangge. In this paper, a pioneer study with cross-dialectal data will be presented. Combining previous reports with our field work in Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, the following arguments will be made:（i） the polysemous liangge is found in two major areas: Hunan and Hubei（the SW Chinese）, Gansu and Qinghai（the NW Chinese）;（ii） from the dialectal variations, the grammaticalization pathway of liangge is reconstructed as: [Num+CL ＞ adverb ‘together’ ＞ comitative adposition ＞ coordinating conjunction（for animate NPs） ＞ coordinating conjunction（for inanimate NPs） ＞ coordinating conjunction（for VPs）];（iii） the phenomenon that comitative adposition/conjunction is denoted by the numeral ‘two’ is attested in Tibeto-Burmese within and beyond China. This is also attested in Africa, Australia, Indonesia, etc., which have no direct geographical or genealogical relationship with Chinese. It is believed that the concepts of the numeral ‘two’ and the comitative adposition/conjunction are linked by our cognitive faculties. Therefore, the polysemous phenomenon [two = with/and] can be found in various languages.
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