Zou, YueYueZouDr. YANG Yike2026-02-062026-02-062026Linguistics Vanguard, 2026.2199-174Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11861/26694<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>It has long been argued that speakers’ choices of linguistic forms during production are influenced by the functional pressures of efficiency and ambiguity avoidance. A reduced form is often easier to produce but can potentially cause ambiguity. Examining bilinguals’ choices between the full and reduced forms can provide valuable insights into how the pressures compete with each other. In the present study, we explore the alternating use of full and reduced forms of Mandarin referring expressions through a multi-factorial analysis on three groups of Mandarin speakers (Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals, Mandarin-Cantonese bilinguals, and Mandarin monolinguals) to determine whether bilinguals with lower language proficiency can coordinate between production constraints and audience-related considerations. The findings revealed that all three groups of speakers show tendencies of saving effort and avoiding ambiguity in their production of referring expressions. However, bilinguals demonstrated an overuse of reduced forms, which indicates that they are less sensitive to audience-related considerations in language production.</jats:p><br> 學界認為, 說話人在語言產出過程中對語言形式的選擇受到效率和避免歧義雙重競爭壓力的影響. 縮略形式通常更容易出現, 但有可能造成歧義. 對雙語者在完整形式與縮略形式之間的選擇進行研究, 有助於深入理解這兩種壓力如何在語言表達中互動. 本研究透過對三組普通話使用者 (粵語-普通話雙語者普通話-粵語雙語者以及普通話單語者) 進行多因素分析, 考察了交替使用指稱表達的完整形式和縮略形式的問題, 以探討語言水平較弱的雙語使用者是否能夠在產出限制和相關考慮之間進行協調. 研究結果顯示, 三組說話人在使用指稱表達時均展現出省力和避免歧義的傾向. 然而, 雙語者更傾向於過度使用縮略形式, 反映出他們在語言產出中對聽者需求的敏感性相對較低.enCorpusReferring ExpressionsBilingualsAmbiguity Avoidance語料庫指稱表達雙語者避免歧義Peer Reviewed Journal Article10.1515/lingvan-2025-0014