Dr. LAM Yin-Hung, BessBessDr. LAM Yin-HungLeung, CaroleCaroleLeungLei, Ka-ShunKa-ShunLeiChoi, Kai YipKai YipChoiChan, Henry H. L.Henry H. L.Chan2025-11-212025-11-212025Bioengineering, 2025, vol. 12(9), article no. 902.2306-5354http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11861/26118Open access<jats:p>With the use of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA), the present study is the first study to examine if retinal vascular densities (vessel densities and perfusion densities) could be associated with empathetic levels in young and non-clinical adults. Methods: Fifty-one university students aged from 18 to 25 years (26 males and 24 females) were recruited from a university in Hong Kong. OCTA was conducted to assess their retinal vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) in different scan patterns over the macula (1 mm center subfield, 3 × 3 mm scan, 6 × 6 mm scan). Empathy (cognitive, affective, and somatic) was measured by using the Cognitive, Affective, and Somatic Empathy Scales (CASES). Results: After controlling for age, the multiple linear regression results showed that both the VD and PD in the 1 mm center subfield were significantly and negatively associated with the empathy total score, the affective empathy subscore, and the somatic empathy subscore, respectively (ps &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The present findings indicate that a lower level of empathy is associated with increased retinal vascular densities in the 1 mm center subfield, specifically involving variations in vascular density (VD) and perfusion density (PD). This suggests the dilation of retinal venules might lead to lower empathy. These results establish a foundation for future studies investigating the underlying mechanism of retinal imaging and empathy in healthy individuals.</jats:p>enEmpathyOptical Coherence Tomography AngiographyRetinal VesselPerfusionBiomarkersPeer Reviewed Journal Article10.3390/bioengineering12090902