Nodes

• Family caregivers
• Perceived positive aspects of caregiving
• sense of relatedness
• confidence in caregiving
• self-affirmation of PAC
• sense of autonomy
• good life orientation
• Information overload
• increased stress
• PAC
• outlook on life
• Caregiving contexts
• non-linear relationship
• Elderly family member
• adult caregivers
• Online survey link
• family caregivers
• High response rate
• Follow-up reminders
• Survey
• Clear instructions
• Self-affirmation
• Outlook on Life
• PAC as dependent variables
• piecewise regression
• modelling non-linear relationships
• spline regression
• greater flexibility
• Factor loading scores
• Indicators
• AVE
• Indicator
• Construct reliability
• Age
• 59 years or below
• 60-74 years
• 75 years or older
• Education
• Secondary school or higher
• Occupation
• Full-time job
• Part-time job
• Unemployment
• Others
• Living condition
• Perception of PAC
• Coefficient Significance
• Inverted U-shape relationship
• Quadratic Term
• Family Caregivers
• experienced caregiver burden
• family caregiver’s well-being
• care recipient’s conditions
• well-being
• perceived PAC
• positive attitude towards caregiving
• Self-Affirmation
• Feel good about self
• Feel needed
• Feel appreciated
• Feel important
• Feel strong and confident
• Learn new skills
• Appreciate life more
• More positive towards life
• Strengthened relationships

Edges

• Family caregivers → Perceived positive aspects of caregiving: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• Family caregivers → PAC as dependent variables: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• Family caregivers → Perception of PAC: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• Family caregivers → positive attitude towards caregiving: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• sense of relatedness → confidence in caregiving: Finding a way to connect with others is critical for caregivers to enhance their interpersonal relationships with others and sense of relatedness (Karahanna et al., 2018), which is part of the outlook on life.
• confidence in caregiving → self-affirmation of PAC: Moreover, a sense of relatedness with other caregivers can also provide confidence in caregiving (Badr et al., 2015), which is related to the self-affirmation of PAC.
• sense of autonomy → good life orientation: The sense of autonomy is critical for caregivers to have a good life orientation because autonomy can help them have a sense of choice and volition in their actions in daily life (Dumont et al., 2006).
• Information overload → increased stress: Excessive use can lead to information overload, compar­ ison with others and an unhealthy focus on caregiving challenges without adequate respite.
• PAC → outlook on life: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• PAC → Self-affirmation: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• PAC → Outlook on Life: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• Caregiving contexts → non-linear relationship: Besides, the non-linear relationship is also common in the caregiving contexts and social media use, such as the empirical evidence about the impacts of social media engagement on users’ psychological well-being (e.g.
• Elderly family member → adult caregivers: The specific inclusion criteria are: (1) Aged 18 years old or above; (2) Caring for at least one elderly family member (over 60 years old) in the past 6 months; (3) Being able to provide the information consent form independently.
• Online survey link → family caregivers: Specifically, the organisation assisted in distributing the online survey link and consent form to family caregivers they serve (e.g.
• family caregivers → well-being: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• family caregivers → perceived PAC: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• High response rate → Follow-up reminders: To ensure a high response rate, follow-up reminders were sent to participants who had not completed the survey.
• Survey → Clear instructions: With survey data from family caregivers (N = 125), regres­ sion analysis results confirm an inverted U-shape relationship between their social media engagement and their perceived PAC.
• Outlook on Life → Learn new skills: caregivers) (Tarlow et al., 2004) and outlook on life (caregivers’ appraisal of interpersonal relationship enhancement and positive life orientation) (Lee et al., 2022).
• Outlook on Life → Appreciate life more: caregivers) (Tarlow et al., 2004) and outlook on life (caregivers’ appraisal of interpersonal relationship enhancement and positive life orientation) (Lee et al., 2022).
• Outlook on Life → More positive towards life: caregivers) (Tarlow et al., 2004) and outlook on life (caregivers’ appraisal of interpersonal relationship enhancement and positive life orientation) (Lee et al., 2022).
• Outlook on Life → Strengthened relationships: caregivers) (Tarlow et al., 2004) and outlook on life (caregivers’ appraisal of interpersonal relationship enhancement and positive life orientation) (Lee et al., 2022).
• piecewise regression → modelling non-linear relationships: While alternative methods such as piecewise regression and spline regression were considered, ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK AND DEVELOPMENT 5 the quadratic term method was deemed most appropriate for our study.
• spline regression → greater flexibility: While alternative methods such as piecewise regression and spline regression were considered, ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK AND DEVELOPMENT 5 the quadratic term method was deemed most appropriate for our study.
• Factor loading scores → Indicators: After the removal, other items’ factor loading scores on their expected factors were all above 0.700 (See Table 3).
• Indicators → AVE: These indicate the accep­ table discriminant and convergent validity of indicators (Barclay et al., 1995; Hulland, 1999).
• Indicator → Construct reliability: Moreover, limited research understands social media engagement’s effects on family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving (PAC), an essential indicator of their well-being.
• Age → 59 years or below: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• Age → 60-74 years: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• Age → 75 years or older: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• Education → Secondary school or higher: Variable Indicator N (%) Variable Indicator N (%) Gender Male 50 (40.0) Occupation Full-time job 28 (22.4) Female 75 (60.0) Part-time job 8 (6.4) Age 59 years or below 42 (33.6) Retired 56 (44.8) 60-74 years 47 (37.6) Unemployment 30 (24.0) 75 years or older 36 (28.8) Others 3 (2.4) Marital status Married 76 (60.8) Living condition Self-owned house 37 (29.6) Partner 19 (15.2) Rental 81 (64.8) Other status 30 (24.0) Others 7 (5.6) Education Primary school or no formal education 60 (48.0) Self-rated health Excellent 13 (10.4) Secondary school or higher 65 (52.0) Good 56 (44.8) Monthly income Sufficient for survival or above 79 (63.2) General 40 (32.0) Difficult for survival or below 46 (36.8) Bad 16 (12.8) 6 X.
• Occupation → Full-time job: Variable Indicator N (%) Variable Indicator N (%) Gender Male 50 (40.0) Occupation Full-time job 28 (22.4) Female 75 (60.0) Part-time job 8 (6.4) Age 59 years or below 42 (33.6) Retired 56 (44.8) 60-74 years 47 (37.6) Unemployment 30 (24.0) 75 years or older 36 (28.8) Others 3 (2.4) Marital status Married 76 (60.8) Living condition Self-owned house 37 (29.6) Partner 19 (15.2) Rental 81 (64.8) Other status 30 (24.0) Others 7 (5.6) Education Primary school or no formal education 60 (48.0) Self-rated health Excellent 13 (10.4) Secondary school or higher 65 (52.0) Good 56 (44.8) Monthly income Sufficient for survival or above 79 (63.2) General 40 (32.0) Difficult for survival or below 46 (36.8) Bad 16 (12.8) 6 X.
• Occupation → Part-time job: Variable Indicator N (%) Variable Indicator N (%) Gender Male 50 (40.0) Occupation Full-time job 28 (22.4) Female 75 (60.0) Part-time job 8 (6.4) Age 59 years or below 42 (33.6) Retired 56 (44.8) 60-74 years 47 (37.6) Unemployment 30 (24.0) 75 years or older 36 (28.8) Others 3 (2.4) Marital status Married 76 (60.8) Living condition Self-owned house 37 (29.6) Partner 19 (15.2) Rental 81 (64.8) Other status 30 (24.0) Others 7 (5.6) Education Primary school or no formal education 60 (48.0) Self-rated health Excellent 13 (10.4) Secondary school or higher 65 (52.0) Good 56 (44.8) Monthly income Sufficient for survival or above 79 (63.2) General 40 (32.0) Difficult for survival or below 46 (36.8) Bad 16 (12.8) 6 X.
• Occupation → Unemployment: Variable Indicator N (%) Variable Indicator N (%) Gender Male 50 (40.0) Occupation Full-time job 28 (22.4) Female 75 (60.0) Part-time job 8 (6.4) Age 59 years or below 42 (33.6) Retired 56 (44.8) 60-74 years 47 (37.6) Unemployment 30 (24.0) 75 years or older 36 (28.8) Others 3 (2.4) Marital status Married 76 (60.8) Living condition Self-owned house 37 (29.6) Partner 19 (15.2) Rental 81 (64.8) Other status 30 (24.0) Others 7 (5.6) Education Primary school or no formal education 60 (48.0) Self-rated health Excellent 13 (10.4) Secondary school or higher 65 (52.0) Good 56 (44.8) Monthly income Sufficient for survival or above 79 (63.2) General 40 (32.0) Difficult for survival or below 46 (36.8) Bad 16 (12.8) 6 X.
• Occupation → Others: Variable Indicator N (%) Variable Indicator N (%) Gender Male 50 (40.0) Occupation Full-time job 28 (22.4) Female 75 (60.0) Part-time job 8 (6.4) Age 59 years or below 42 (33.6) Retired 56 (44.8) 60-74 years 47 (37.6) Unemployment 30 (24.0) 75 years or older 36 (28.8) Others 3 (2.4) Marital status Married 76 (60.8) Living condition Self-owned house 37 (29.6) Partner 19 (15.2) Rental 81 (64.8) Other status 30 (24.0) Others 7 (5.6) Education Primary school or no formal education 60 (48.0) Self-rated health Excellent 13 (10.4) Secondary school or higher 65 (52.0) Good 56 (44.8) Monthly income Sufficient for survival or above 79 (63.2) General 40 (32.0) Difficult for survival or below 46 (36.8) Bad 16 (12.8) 6 X.
• Living condition → Others: Variable Indicator N (%) Variable Indicator N (%) Gender Male 50 (40.0) Occupation Full-time job 28 (22.4) Female 75 (60.0) Part-time job 8 (6.4) Age 59 years or below 42 (33.6) Retired 56 (44.8) 60-74 years 47 (37.6) Unemployment 30 (24.0) 75 years or older 36 (28.8) Others 3 (2.4) Marital status Married 76 (60.8) Living condition Self-owned house 37 (29.6) Partner 19 (15.2) Rental 81 (64.8) Other status 30 (24.0) Others 7 (5.6) Education Primary school or no formal education 60 (48.0) Self-rated health Excellent 13 (10.4) Secondary school or higher 65 (52.0) Good 56 (44.8) Monthly income Sufficient for survival or above 79 (63.2) General 40 (32.0) Difficult for survival or below 46 (36.8) Bad 16 (12.8) 6 X.
• Coefficient Significance → Inverted U-shape relationship: Robustness check Moreover, researchers also argue that the coefficient significance of the quadratic term is not sufficient to confirm the inverted U-shape relationship.
• Quadratic Term → Inverted U-shape relationship: To allow the regression to indicate a U-shape relationship, the standard approach adopted by this study is including a quadratic term of a focal IV (i.e.
• Family Caregivers → Perception of PAC: Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rswd20 Social media engagement and family caregivers’ perceived positive aspects of caregiving: an inverted U- shape relationship Xiaobo Ke, Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Vivian W.
• experienced caregiver burden → family caregiver’s well-being: experienced caregiver burden) and aspects of care recipient’s conditions (e.g.
• care recipient’s conditions → family caregiver’s well-being: experienced caregiver burden) and care recipient’s conditions (e.g.
• Self-Affirmation → Feel good about self: Two dimensions of PAC are usually researched: self-affirmation (the confident and capable self-image perceived by CONTACT Vivian W.
• Self-Affirmation → Feel needed: Two dimensions of PAC are usually researched: self-affirmation (the confident and capable self-image perceived by CONTACT Vivian W.
• Self-Affirmation → Feel appreciated: Two dimensions of PAC are usually researched: self-affirmation (the confident and capable self-image perceived by CONTACT Vivian W.
• Self-Affirmation → Feel important: Two dimensions of PAC are usually researched: self-affirmation (the confident and capable self-image perceived by CONTACT Vivian W.
• Self-Affirmation → Feel strong and confident: Two dimensions of PAC are usually researched: self-affirmation (the confident and capable self-image perceived by CONTACT Vivian W.